The Woodlanders :: Free Essays Online

The Woodlanders Thomas Hardy, the creator of The Woodlanders, is considered one of the best writer in English literature(Vol. 4). This virtuoso was conceived on June second of 1840 in Bockhampton, Dorset, England. He was the most seasoned kid in his family. Strong started his composing vocation in 1862, at the age of twenty-two. In 1867, at the age of twenty-seven, he composed his first novel. The tale was entitled, The Poor Man and the Lady. Today just odds and ends of this book remain. A few pundits didn't believe that Hardy’s first book was equipped to deal with distribution. George Meredith, a peruser for Chapman and Hall distributers, informed against the distribution concerning The Poor Man and the Lady. He thought Hardy had potential and urged him to proceed writing(Pettit). Careful discipline brings about promising results. In November of 1872, at the age of thirty-two, Hardy was approached to compose a sequential novel for Cornhill Magazine. This was the beginning of something great for Hardy. Not long after this, his profession soar and he began siphoning out the compositions. In 1874, Hardy started composing Far from the Madding Crowd. He was engaged really taking shape of this book; it devoured him. While going to school classes, he turned to composing on leaves, woodchips, stones, and whatever else he could discover while moving between classes. This book denoted the defining moment of his profession. Not to long after this, his better half died. It didn't appear that Hardy was excessively separated over this disaster in light of the fact that not long after his wife’s passing, he wedded his secretary. The marriage just went on for a brief period on the grounds that on January eleventh of 1928 Hardy kicked the bucket in his old neighborhood of Dorset, England. His heart was covered in the Wessex open country, in the ward churchyard at Stinsford. His remains were put close to those of Charles Dickens in Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey. Wessex is an anecdotal spot in England that Hardy made up, and put his books in its view. Its rich scene is what is portrayed in the greater part of Hardy’s books, particularly The Woodlanders. The book has been portrayed as being buzzing with landscape(Woodlanders). James Wood depicts the book by saying it is an anguished and opposing contemplation on having a place, on being established in a place(Woodlanders). Wood additionally says that Hardy’s works resemble Shakespeare’s, aside from Hardy’s works resemble hard comedies and hard catastrophes. The Woodlanders was first distributed at the same time in month to month sequential parts in England’s Macmillan’s Magazine and in week after week parts in the United States in Harper’s Bazaar.

The Changes in Health Care for Retired Workers essays

The Changes in Health Care for Retired Workers articles Social insurance for resigned laborers is continually improving and its not. The workforce had changed astoundingly causing retirement intends to decrease. Current specialists are being constrained to pay progressively using cash on hand. These retirees are once in a while assisted and when they are, it isnt enough. It is hard for representatives to give the best social insurance to their laborers and stay serious in todays economy. Bosses are giving human services to remain serious in the commercial center, yet this pattern is disseminating. These businesses are discovering it progressively hard to give these advantages to resigned laborers. The businesses are concentrating on medicinal services costs and can't ingest extra cost increments. Current law seriously restrains managers capacity to pre-subsidize resigns human services commitments. Because of this law, bosses have topped commitments, expanded co pays, expanded worker commitments, or even disposed of advantages all together. The Employee Retirement Income Act expresses that businesses are not required to give any social insurance inclusion to their laborers, either dynamic or resigned. Albeit, when they choose to offer advantages they should follow certain necessities. At present, just thirty five percent of businesses support retiree social insurance, forgetting about numerous with get to. Managers who offer clinical inclusion for retirees went from 4 0% in 1993 to twenty percent in 2001. That leaves multiple quarters of the resigned populace with out wellbeing inclusion. Social insurance costs are ascending for both dynamic and resigned representatives and new annuity subsidizing prerequisites have cleared out corporate advantages financial plans. This leaves less cash for the retiree to live solid in a world that is to costly. Retirees rely upon social insurance from present or past managers, and its the main likely wellspring of reasonable solid inclusion. In 2003 expense for boss plans expanded around fifteen perc... <!

Facts, Fiction and Binghamton College Essay Topics

<h1> Facts, Fiction and Binghamton College Essay Topics </h1> <h2> Binghamton College Essay Topics </h2> <p>As a model, maybe you immovably feel that the Greco-Persian wars were as since a long time ago they were because of Spartans idleness in the beginning of the wars. Prior to going further, it's crucial for the most notable sorts of sports school tests. A few people feel that you likewise should be approached to finish a medication assessment before accepting such an administration help, similar to food-stamps. </p> <p>Writing an astounding school affirmation article requires a great deal of imagination. In the event that you aren't sure you will get into SUNY Binghamton, it is an extraordinary idea to document your application to SUNY Albany, or among the other SUNY schools as well. Right now, you're applying to Babson College. Binghamton University doesn't report a specific number of credits essential for move. </p> <p>If yo u can't discover in excess of a couple of assets to set in your book index, at that point that theme should be struck regardless of whether you love it. In the first place, you picked a theme and ensure that it isn't excessively wide or excessively restricted. Pick the theme that you need to expound on. On the off chance that you don't peruse, you won't have the foggiest idea about your topic.</p> <p>Gather hotspots for your point from the internet and library that you accept can assist you with responding to the inquiry. Think past the case as you answer the ensuing inquiries. As needs be, to have the option to guarantee you're looking over the most straightforward points for research papers, pick a couple of thoughts and help all of them through an assortment of verifies which is the absolute best option for you. On the off chance that there's a subject you like and you're not so much discovering a lot of data out there, you may need to choose an alternate point. </p> <p>Technology or long range informal communication points are something which everybody might want to explore in light of the fact that so bunches of us are worried about our own utilization of telephone and cultural media. Our client service will happily reveal to you whether there are any exceptional proposals right now, along with ensure you are getting the absolute best assistance our orga nization may convey. The program depends on a wide assortment of the travel industry and relaxation the executives in sport the executives, utilizing the extraordinary perspectives on every territory. You may characterize network as you see fit, simply guarantee you talk about your capacity in that network. </p> <h2>What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Binghamton College Essay Topics </h2> <p>While the Fall 2018 application won't be live until August 2017, we trust you will get the opportunity to consider your reactions. Points can even incorporate reusing and different things that are recyclable. Universities may likewise have various necessities dependent on the program. Organizations may have various cutoff times dependent on the projects to which you're applying. </p> <h2> The Basics of Binghamton College Essay Topics</h2> <p>The perfect approach to sum up an exposition is to start by perusing it through an absolute first time ra pidly. The more explicit you're, the less complex it will be to demonstrate it in your article. Inside my experience, elucidating articles are just troublesome with respect to choosing exactly what things to expound on. The specialized exposition is intended to investigate a specialized or logical subject, to depict how to do a particular specialized undertaking, or to contend for a particular technique of accomplishing something. </p> <p>To start with, pick what you wish to accomplish with your paper. Presently you are good to go to find a few articles to use in your paper. The word Abstract should be focused on a level plane with no unmistakable organizing. </p> <h2>The Downside Risk of Binghamton College Essay Topics </h2> <p>The class will regularly feel to be a detailed round of Mad Libs, subject to a rubric where you need to fill in sentences and sections instead of words. Most existing apart from everything else, understudies are mentioned to compose contention papers that present a particular perspective and attempt to convince the crowd. The understudy is foreseen to give realities that back up her perspective, and outside of English, it's the understudy's capacity to go over such realities and use them to help her perspective which is being evaluated. </p> <p>Be exact and steady with the data that you give in your exploration paper, so the peruser understands your viewpoint. Try not to disregard to consider motion pictures or books you may realize that may give you smart thoughts. The creator should choose a side, and afterward exploration to find models that demonstrate her or his focuses. Assuming, by the by, your creator is nearly obscure, start with the statement, and afterward credit the creator a short time later. </p> <p>You may wish to incorporate an additional exposition in the event that you accept the school application structures don't offer adequate opportunity to pass on significant data with respect to yourself or your achievements. Remember that an examination paper isn't a spewing forth of realities. Your paper incorporates references from the entirety of the information you've assembled and utilized by means of the examination approach. The diagnostic examination paper for the most part begins with an inquiry that is investigated and analyzed through the utilization of essential and optional assets. </p>

Some Essay Samples to Help You Make Your Decision

<h1>Some Essay Samples to Help You Make Your Decision</h1><p>If you will take a crack at the insead MBA, at that point it is a smart thought to have some exposition tests convenient. These are an incredible method to get some thought of what insead is about. In the event that you feel that there are relatively few things you think about insead, at that point these examples ought to have the option to give you why it is so important.</p><p></p><p>When you find a new line of work at a corporate situated in an alternate city, it very well may be exceptionally hard to stay aware of the school life. There are a variety of occasions that you should go to that you may not generally be acquainted with. In the event that you don't have a few expositions to test your insight, at that point this can be disappointing. Notwithstanding, you can simply investigate exposition tests to perceive how they test certain points.</p><p></p><p&g t;Getting your papers in an insead composing test can be a smart thought. A large portion of the online schools will expect you to utilize them. Simply ensure that they are not just a genuine case of what you ought to compose however that they are likewise a genuine case of what try not to be writing.</p><p></p><p>Make sure that they have a decent blend of a variety of sorts of composing. You can investigate some example expositions also and check whether they have a decent blend of language structure and substance. This is very important.</p><p></p><p>Most of the insead article tests are from the senior year of the school. This will give you a smart thought of what insead is about. On the off chance that you go to insead, you should peruse your senior year's papers and you can discover some exposition tests online that can give you what you ought to be doing.</p><p></p><p>Insead won't have an excessive number o f classes where you should compose a proposition. Be that as it may, you will at present need to compose a semester proposal. So as to get this article, you should finish some extra exposition tests as well.</p><p></p><p>You may must have a little piece of altering work accomplished for it to look great. This isn't ordinarily an over the top issue, however you might need to consider this when you begin preparing for your senior year's paper. It can likewise be a smart thought to test this out first to check whether it is excessively or insufficient for your senior year's paper. It is conceivable that you will require more than one paper from rather in the event that you don't anticipate accepting any penalty semester.</p>

Exploration Essay Topics for Dummies

<h1>Exploration Essay Topics for Dummies </h1> <p>Think of one school rule which you truly despise. In some cases educators give singular themes to each understudy, and now and again they don't. Consider what you could do so as to make your school increasingly delightful. Consider one thing you're required to learn in school that you don't think should be remembered for the educational program. </p> <h2> The True Meaning of Exploration Essay Topics </h2> <p>Finally, in case you're uncertain about how to structure your paper, you can rely upon article formats. You need to guarantee your paper doesn't have any syntax issues when you submit it. The exposition isn't the least complex assignment to ace. Preparing to form articles on different points will be the absolute best planning to the test. </p> <p>Allow the expert scholarly journalists help to your educational paper! Bibliographical assets must be legitimate inside the area of your investigation. You should have aptitudes to create an excellent article. Dependent upon the class of paper you're relied upon to create, there are numerous scholastic composing systems. </p> <p>Facts, over the long haul, will consistently win out against how people are feeling at a particular second. Your subject is so significant in light of the fact that you must ensure it is identified with the class which you are taking except if it is for English class. Whenever you discover yourself feeling dazzled by someone's paper or article, investigate it. Remember which you can cause entertaining pugnacious papers on the off chance that you to do a couple of things. </p> <h2>Whispered Exploration Essay Topics Secrets </h2> <p>Since investigation end up being an exorbitant undertaking, a propelled wayfarer need ed to run over the support of a strong government or government to subsidize their journey. The Renaissance carried an assortment of changes to the European mainland. </p> <p>In a scholarly setting, yet the paper should be arranged and sorted out dependent on the comparing measures without the utilization of casual dialects like slang or language. Instruction researchers are consistently developing the way that they consider how we realize and what's educated. The aim of appointing a paper to center school understudies is to make mindfulness and license them to create composing abilities. They will think that its simpler to expound on points that they are keen on, and it will make the exploring procedure a lot less complex. </p> <h2>Who Else Wants to Learn About Exploration Essay Topics? </h2> <p>Life is far superior to it was 50 decades back. Children ought to be able to cast a ballot. Kids watch an inordinate measure of TV. They ought to be required to understand more. </p> <p>You could be offered a rundown of exposition prompts to pick from. Factious paper themes are so significant since they are debatablean d it's fundamental to consistently be basically thinking about our general surroundings. To find contentious article subjects simple on different stages, you need to fathom about the pugnacious paper. Contentious article is tied in with belligerence and bantering regarding a matter, which is far from being obviously true. </p> <p>Social science articles give you a chance to introduce your feeling and make some noise. Course books should be free. </p> <p>Once you grasp the kind of paper, it's an ideal opportunity to pick a theme. Start a rundown of inquiries which you'd love to have replied. When you have the subject, answer the inquiry and after that help your answer with at least three clarifications for why you trust it. You must be capable in the theme, have a general thought regarding the picked issue and can get the best contentions to exhibit your postulation. </p> <p>Another smart thought is to get some absolutely free exposition instances of various types and on different subjects to locate a general thought of the manner by which a flourishing begging to be proven wrong paper looks. To pick which subject you're probably going to examine, it's crucial to see the total assortment of good convincing discourse themes from the exceptional zone of study. So guarantee you settle regarding a matter, which has values in it. For instance, suppose you select the absolute first subject from our rundown. </p> <p>Make a push to crease save information to get the capacity to make the examination paper the most cultivated and intensive. On the off chance that your work isn't organized effectively, you may end up getting a negligible evaluation regardless of whether your paper is magnificent. Go on training them and ensure that you make a substance for these. Yearly driving tests should be required for the underlying five years subsequent t o acquiring a permit. </p> <h2> The War Against Exploration Essay Topics</h2> <p>Opt for the time of life which you believe is ideal and make an article contending why it's the absolute best time of life. A few people live their lives as per their religion while some don't figure you should consider that dynamic concerning deciding principles for everyone. They are of the view that it is misuse of assets while others trust it is very vital. You ought to take an interest in sweeping concentrating to cover all components of the subject and all purpose of perspectives by various people. </p>

Who Are the Best Colleges to Study at?

Who Are the Best Colleges to Study at?The goal of your essay is to convey that you are a very intelligent and articulate individual, but if you want to succeed at this task then you need to be able to understand what a UC or UBC essay sample is. There are many different reasons why students make the decision to go to school so that they can write their own life story.These schools do not just hand out 'cram' subjects in their programs as an undergraduate. Instead, they offer the opportunity to build the knowledge required to excel in various career fields. If you would like to go back to school so that you can further your education then you will need to select the college that best fits your education and the goal that you have set for yourself.All you need to do is find an accredited university that offers the Bachelor of Arts in business administration or the Bachelor of Science in business administration or an allied business program. Once you do this you will have to determine w hat subject you wish to write about and start the process of getting help. There are many resources that you can find online that will help you fill out your UC essay samples.You will find the University of California as one of the top-rated schools for undergraduate students to attend. There are a number of great financial aid options available to all of the students and even some very generous financial aid programs that will help to make up the difference between the tuition fees and the required books and supplies. However, most of the students are unable to pay for their full course loads because they are also looking for work upon graduation.This is where you need to search for employment upon graduation. The good news is that this is actually one of the top three jobs for those that attend college because they actually earn their living upon graduation. For those that are starting their own business or just wanting to move up in their career then this could be the perfect way to do it.There are many opportunities that you will have after graduating from graduate school but you will first need to get started in your professional career. After graduating from UC there are plenty of options available to you may find that your job field is very fulfilling. If you are in the medical field, you will find that your job is very similar to that of an MD while if you are interested in the law you may find that you need to specialize.Once you know what you want to do then you will need to get some study material and select your university that you would like to attend. A very important part of any UC or UBC essay samples is to provide your own ideas, but that is not enough. Your professor needs to be able to see that you understand the material well enough to be able to communicate your ideas clearly and concisely.You will need to communicate to your professor that you are not satisfied with what is being offered and that you are willing to do more than what is be ing offered. The professor will look at your syllabus and the AP test and your transcripts to determine if you meet the requirements for admission. If they do then they will ask you to come back to talk about the degree you want to pursue.

E-Voting Whether to Protect or Extinguish Corporate Democracy - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION In the contemporary age of technology, rights of the shareholders can be better protected. E-voting is one such example. E-voting process or postal ballot system has been introduced in order to secure wider participation of shareholders in the decision-making of the company. E-voting makes it more convenient for people finding it difficult to attend the meetings physically. This was suggested by the Second Naresh Chandra Committee Report and the J.J. Irani committee in as back as in the year 2004. The Companies act, 2013 (hereinafter referred to as the 2013 Act) has brought in Section 108 making e-voting matter of right for the shareholders in certain cases. RELEVANT LEGISLATIONS Section 108 of the 2013 Act read with Rule 20 of Companies (Management and Administration) Rules, 2014 provides that every listed company or a company having not less than one thousand shareholders, shall provide to its members facility to exercise their right to vote at general meetings by electronic means. Section 110 of the 2013 Act is an evolution of old Section 192A of the Companies Act, 1956 (hereinafter referred to as the 1956 Act) which talks about postal ballots. Pursuant to Section 2(65) of the 2013 Act postal ballot includes e-voting. Where the old Section 192A contains a narrow non-obstante clause relating to only the foregoing sections of the 1956 Act, Section 110 of the 2013 Act contains a broader non-obstante clause meaning the whole Act. This means that the provision of postal ballots as given under the 1956 Act shall not be applicable to the subsequent provisions which include Schemes under Section 391 and 394. Therefore, before the 2013 Act the requirement of e -voting was not applicable to Schemes of amalgamation, compromise and arrangements. The frame of Section 110 of the 2013 Act is that for such items of business as the Central Government notifies, a company must transact that business only by postal ballot. Rule 22 of the Companies (Management and Administration) Rules, 2014 contains a very long list of ten items of business that, apparently, are intended to be transacted only by means of a postal ballot. This particular provision has given rise to the controversy as to whether the postal ballot system applies in addition to or in exclusion to the actual physical meetings which will be discussed ahead in this article. INTERNATIONAL PROVISIONS E-voting might be a new development under the Indian Company Law but it is a very advanced form of shareholders meetings in most other developed countries. Delaware and many other States in the United States have amended their laws to permit electronic voting. Delaware has introduced the most developed form of virtual shareholder meetings by means of remote communication i.e. shareholders who are not physically present may participate in a meeting by remote communication and be deemed present in person to be counted for quorum and other voting purposes. In New Zealand also, by virtue of the 2012 amendment to Companies Act, 1993, companies now have increased flexibility to communicate with shareholders electronically and conduct virtual shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ meetings. Section 249S of the Australian Corporations Act provides that a company may hold a meeting of the members at two or more venues using any technology that give the members as a whole a reasonable opportunity to participate. Though the above provision empowers companies to hold their general meetings electronically, there is still no express provision allowing a meeting to be held entirely virtual. In Malaysia, amended Section 145 A of Companies Act, 1965 has similar wordings as the Australian Law. U.K Companies Act 2006 provides the holding and conducting of a meeting in such a way that persons who are not present together at the same place may by electronic means attend and speak and vote at it. Further, Canada and Germany also provide for e-voting in their respective company legislations. IN RE GODREJ INDUSTRIES CASE[1] (hereinafter referred to as the Godrej Case) In this case, Godrej Industries Limitedproposed to merge with its group company, Wadala Commodities in a scheme of amalgamation. In April 2014, it approached the High Court of Bombay for seeking to forego the court convened shareholder meeting under the provisions relating to mergers and amalgamations under the 1956 Act and pleaded that it may be allowed to conduct the voting entirely through postal ballot and electronic voting as permitted under the 2013 Act. Justice Patel while hearing this case identified many controversies regarding mandatory and exclusionary requirement of e-voting especially in court convened meetings. The High Court observed that meetings called under Section 391 of 1956 Act or Section 230 and 232 of 2013 Act for approval of a scheme of arrangement are not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“calledà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by the company but are instead à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“orderedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by the court and hence, Section 110 of the 2013 Act is not applicable in case of schemes. It a lso held that the legislative purpose and intent behind Section 110 of 2013 Act is greater inclusiveness and participation of shareholders. However, the right to vote is not a mere right to vote but a right to make an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"informed decisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which would include right to debate, deliberate, and seek clarifications and amendments. After analysing the various aspects of the purpose and conduct of shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ meetings, issues of corporate law and governance contained in the 2013 Act as well as various SEBI circulars, the High Court opined that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"postal ballotà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is an additional facility which a company has to provide in order to improve shareholder participation and awareness but has left the matter for fuller consideration. In the backdrop of this case the authors enumerate the grey areas in the facility of e-voting or postal ballot system and its interplay with other rights of the shareholders. GREY AREAS IN THE LAWS ON VOTING BY POSTAL BALLOT Disregard for Clause 49 (I) (A) of the SEBI Equity Listing Agreement The heart of corporate governance lies in giving the shareholders, who hold equity in the company, rights to participate in the management of the company. Clause 49 (I) (A) of the SEBI Equity Listing Agreement provides such rights as right to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“participate in and to be sufficiently informed on decisions concerning fundamental corporate changesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the opportunity to participate effectively and vote in general shareholder meetingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the opportunity to ask questions to the board, to place items on the agenda of general meetings, and to propose resolutions, subject to reasonable limitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , etc. In the Godrej Case, the Bombay High Court elaborated that the right to vote includes in its arena not only a mere formal vote but also right to ask questions, seek clarifications ,receive response and right to persuade and be persuaded. Moreover, it also includes the right to make an informed decision. A shar eholder in a meeting by discussing and debating on the various consequences of the proposed move and hearing other members about how it affects different group of shareholders will make a wiser decision as compared to a mere à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"noà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by voting in isolation. In this case it was further held that in schemes as under section 230 and 232 of the 2013 Act corresponding to section 391 and 394 of the 1956 Act speaks of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the calling of a meetingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“not merely putting the matter to voteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This means that it would take away the right of directors or shareholders to propose amendments, as a result of which the resolution can only be put to vote as originally proposed without any modifications. Scope of Section 110 of the 2013 Act à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Court convened meetingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or only à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"meetings called by companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Section 391 and 394 of the 1956 Act and Section 230 and 232 of the 2013 Act, state that the meetings shall be held, called and conducted as the court directs in case of schemes. On the other hand, Section 110 of the 2013 Act states that the company can conduct meetings by way of postal ballot system. In the Godrej Case the court differentiated between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"court convened meetingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"meetings called by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and held that all provisions for compulsory voting by postal ballot or electronic voting to the exclusion of an actual meeting cannot and do not apply to court-convened meetings. However, in our opinion, this approach is fallacious to the extent that the purpose of wider participation as provided by postal ballot voting (or e-voting) will not be fulfilled in the case of court convened meetings. In matters of compromise, arrangements, mergers and amalgamations, etc the protection of minority rights is sacrosan ct. The Court by excluding the provision of postal ballot system for court convened meetings ignores the rights of those minority groups who may not attend the meetings. E-voting (or Postal ballot) is additional or exclusionary to actual physical meetings The Court in this case has left the decision on this issue to a more elaborate consideration. The Court has held that any SEBI circular which makes e-voting or postal ballot the exclusive manner of voting are clearly unlawful. Moreover, in line with the 1956 Act even the 2013 Act contains specific sections regarding quorums for meetings i.e. Section 103 and if voting is to be done only by postal ballot, the statutory requirement will not be met. Therefore, in our opinion, e-voting or postal ballot should be an additional facility and not a substitute for actual meetings. This is a facility for the shareholders who are unable to attend the meeting to vote and not to deprive shareholders who want to attend the meeting, discuss and debate from attending the meeting. CURRENT SCENARIO As per Rule 20 of Companies ( Management and Administration Rules), 2014, e-voting is mandatory in case of all general meetings of every listed company and a company having not less than 1000 shareholders. The Ministry, however, vide its general circular no. 20/2014 dated 17.06.2014 has decided not to treat these provisions as mandatory till 31st December, 2014. As per amended clause 35 B of Listing Agreement (Amended vide SEBI Circular no. CFD/POLICY CELL/2/2014 dated 17.04.2014), e-voting is mandatory in respect of all shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ resolutions to be passed at general meetings or through postal ballot. Further the SEBI Chairman, Mr. U. K. Sinha, in his statement to Business Line on 22nd June, 2014, clarified that providing of e-voting facility is mandatory for listed companies even if the same has been made non-mandatory by the MCA. To sum up , the position of the different companies is as follows Listed Companies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" SEBI Circular will stand above the Ministry of Commerce circular for listed companies and thus, company needs to provide facility of e-voting for all kinds of membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ resolutions, be it through general meeting or postal ballot. Unlisted Public companies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" For companies having less than 1000 shareholders e-voting facility is not required to be mandatorily provided both in case of postal ballots and general meetings. However, the application of this provision has been deferred till 31st December, 2014. Private Companies- E-voting is not mandatory. CONCLUSION In the age where rapid transit of information and wide participation is a necessity, e-voting despite its various disadvantages cannot be set aside. If properly installed, e-voting can control fraud, enhance the speed of processing results, enhance accessibility and make voting easier for shareholders. E-voting or postal ballot voting thus is an addition to and not a substitution to actual meetings. A quorum of the actual meeting should be met and those shareholders who are unable to participate in the actual meeting should be given a right to vote. However, a formal right to vote shall not suffice; the voters should be enabled to make an informed decision. The shareholders should participate in the deliberations on the proposal. The system of virtual meetings by way of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"remote communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as in the State of Delaware, USA is a very good solution for this problem however, it shall not be possible to implement in a developing country like India. Ther efore, we suggest that an online discussion forum or platform should be provided prior to the meeting so that all the shareholders can express their grievances, propose amendments, persuade and can be persuaded by other voters. This way, wider participation can be achieved along with greater transparency. [1] In re Godrej Industries , Company summons for direction no. 256 of 2014.